Summary of results for the four main studied taxonomic classes. ‘+’ flashing light increases the outcome compared to continuous light, ‘-’ flashing light decreases the outcome compared to continuous light, ‘ns’ no significant effect. For clarity, the two observations on plankton phototactic behaviour are not shown but were both found to be non-significant.

 
 
  Part of: Lafitte A, Sordello R, Legrand M, Nicolas V, Obein G, Reyjol Y (2023) Does a flashing artificial light have more or conversely less impacts on animals than a continuous one? A systematic review. Nature Conservation 54: 149-177. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.54.102614