A baseline assessment of anthropogenic macrolitter on dunes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast using visual census and Unmanned Aerial Systems

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Article title
Abstract
Key words
Introduction
- World Ocean and marine litter
- Marine litter in the Black Sea
- UAS approaches in litter mapping
- Aim of the study
Materials and methods
- Dune systems along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
- Areas of litter monitoring
- Field surveys
  - UAS missions and acquired data
  - Visual census, composition and source identification
- Abundance and density of litter
- Manual image screening procedure and Litter Maps
Results
- Abundance and density of macrolitter on dunes
- Seasonal variation of macrolitter on dunes
- Composition of macrolitter on dunes
- Sources of macrolitter on dunes
- Spatial distribution of MLD
Discussion
- Effectiveness of drones in litter mapping on dunes
- Development of a Clean Dune Index (CDI) for evaluation of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal dunes
- Are the dunes clean or dirty along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast?
  - Moderately clean dunes at Dobrudzha Coast
  - Dunes along the Central Coast
  - Extremely dirty dunes at Slanchev bryag and Nessebar Coast
  - Dirty dunes along Burgas-Medni Rid Coast
  - Dirty dunes at Strandzha Coast
- Ropotamo and Lipite - the cleanest dunes along the Bulgarian Coast
- COVID-19 pandemic impact on dune cleanliness
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Additional information
- Conflict of interest
- Ethical statement
- Funding
- Author contributions
- Author ORCIDs
- Data availability
References
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4

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