International law and lions (Panthera leo): understanding and improving the contribution of wildlife treaties to the conservation and sustainable use of an iconic carnivore

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Article title
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
- International law and large carnivores
- Lions and international law
Method
Overview of the international law and policy framework for lion conservation
- Binding instruments
- Non-binding instruments
Ramsar Wetlands Convention
- Ramsar sites of importance to lions
- Using the Ramsar Convention for lion conservation
World Heritage Convention
- World Heritage sites of importance to lions
- Using the WHC for lion conservation
- Lions as ‘World Heritage species’
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
- CITES, lion hunting trophies, and trade in lion bones and body parts
- CITES, enforcement issues, and the broader lion conservation agenda
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
- Listing lions under the CMS
- CMS ancillary instruments and lions
- CMS Concerted Actions and lions
- CMS Action Plans, Special Species Initiatives and lions
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Regional instruments
- African Convention
- Bern Convention
- SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement
- Treaties establishing Transfrontier Conservation Areas
Discussion and recommendations
- Implementation and participation
- Site-based treaties
- Species-based treaties
Concluding observations
Acknowledgements
References

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