Multiannual yearly mean variability of the different climate indices (PDO, IL, NAO, NSE, WeMO) considered in the study. The blue dotted lines indicated the Climate Regime Shifts (CRS).

 
 
  Part of: Kröncke I, Neumann H, Dippner JW, Holbrook S, Lamy T, Miller R, Padedda BM, Pulina S, Reed DC, Reinikainen M, Satta CT, Sechi N, Soltwedel T, Suikkanen S, Lugliè A (2019) Comparison of biological and ecological long-term trends related to northern hemisphere climate in different marine ecosystems. In: Mazzocchi MG, Capotondi L, Freppaz M, Lugliè A, Campanaro A (Eds) Italian Long-Term Ecological Research for understanding ecosystem diversity and functioning. Case studies from aquatic, terrestrial and transitional domains. Nature Conservation 34: 311-341. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.34.30209