Distance of effect thresholds of birds and mammals. Effect distance thresholds across all mammal (n = 24) and bird (n = 53) species studied for the impacts of recreation on wildlife. Thresholds included observed distances of direct human disturbance to wildlife and disturbance from recreation infrastructure. Outliers for mammals are effect distances for larger ungulates. Outliers for birds are effect distances for raptors, including hawks and eagles. Boxplots indicate median and 25th and 75th percentiles. Whiskers extend to data 1.5 times the interquartile range.