Brown bear distribution in the Italian Alps and neighbouring countries (from Skrbinšek et al. (2018)). Permanent presence, reproduction (red squares) – areas where cubs were confirmed within the last three years; permanent presence without reproduction (orange squares) – areas where bears have been present for at least three years over the last five years; sporadic presence (yellow squares) – areas where bear presence has been documented for fewer than three seasons in the last five years’ period.