Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Simon Bruslund ( s.bruslund@zoo-rostock.de ) Academic editor: Mark Auliya
© 2022 Simon Bruslund, Boyd Leupen, Chris R. Shepherd, S. Sunny Nelson.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Bruslund S, Leupen B, Shepherd CR, Nelson SS (2022) Online trade as a serious additional threat to the Critically Endangered silvery pigeon Columba argentina in Indonesia. Nature Conservation 46: 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.46.80064
|
The elusive and Critically Endangered silvery pigeon Columba argentina is only found on small offshore islands in western Indonesia and Malaysia. Historically, trade records have suggested that, in addition to habitat degradation and invasive predators, commercial exploitation could be a threat to the species. The current study confirms this to be the case, with a relatively high volume of silvery pigeons found offered for sale on social media platforms in Indonesia between October and December 2021. The trade numbers (at least 10 individuals) observed within this short period exceeded 20% of the global silvery pigeon population according to the latest Red List assessment, suggesting that actual population numbers may be larger than previously thought but also confirming that trade poses a considerable threat. Some of the recorded posts were in new areas within the species’ presumed range, further suggesting that the population may be slightly larger than hitherto assessed. The reported trade observations are reason for grave concern, particularly given the potential interest of international collectors which could further drive demand and increase prices. Due to the locations of the observed online trade we recommend timely field surveys to confirm the species’ presence and current status, particularly in the Riau-Lingga island group, as well as the development of a species conservation action plan to catalyse local and regional efforts to tackle the current illegal trade and work towards the regulation of international trade.
CITES, illegal wildlife trade, social media, species conservation action plan
The silvery pigeon Columba argentina is found in western Indonesia and Malaysia, exclusively on coastal islands and small archipelagos off Sumatra, Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. The proximity of the species’ suggested range to Singapore and Brunei makes occurrence in either country plausible but no current or historical records could be found (
The silvery pigeon has been assessed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (hereafter Red List) since 2000 (
In 2018, the species received full protection in Indonesia under the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018, which it continues to have under the current No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM1.1/12/2018. Any harvest, trade, transportation (including export) or possession of wild-caught silvery pigeons is therefore punishable by law, with penalties of up to IDR100,000,000 (USD6,922 in December 2021) and/or up to five years imprisonment under the Act of the Republic of Indonesia (No.5) of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems. Silvery pigeons are also nationally protected in Malaysia but are not known to be protected in other countries. The species is not listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning that international trade is unregulated from a conservation perspective.
While trade and trapping records are scarce, the species has been previously reported in three instances.
On 2 December 2021, a post advertising two silvery pigeons, including photos and videos (see Fig.
Screenshots of social media posts offering silvery pigeons between October and December 2021 A initial post discovered B screenshot of a video provided by a seller from Padang (province of West Sumatra) showing one of the two silvery pigeons from the initial post (1A) C screenshot of one of two videos posted by a seller in Bintan island (Riau archipelago, Indonesia); the videos from this setting are poor in quality and show 7‒10 silvery pigeons in a cage with a larger group of pied imperial pigeons and one green imperial pigeon D image from a comment to the initial post (1A), from Singkep island (Lingga archipelago, Indonesia), showing an additional silvery pigeon. A further video posted by this person shows a single silvery pigeon with a larger group of pied imperial pigeons in a cage, potentially the same bird as in 1D (see Suppl. material
Following the initial post, other images were posted in the same social media thread showing another captured silvery pigeon in Singkep island in the Riau islands (see Fig.
These recent observations of at least 10 silvery pigeons advertised for sale on social media platforms by three different Indonesian vendors within a short period of time between October and December 2021 are of grave concern. Considering the species’ conservation status and population size, any trapping for trade must be considered a serious threat to the survival of the species (
Although some limited historical trade, including internationally, has been reported (
Organisations in Indonesia monitoring and investigating the trade in birds should be aware of silvery pigeons in trade and report observations to the relevant authorities such as the BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Indonesian Nature Conservation Agency) and other organisations monitoring the bird trade. Coordinated efforts to raise awareness of this issue should be prioritised.
The relevant authorities in Indonesia are encouraged to deter the illegal exploitation of silvery pigeons by taking strong action against anyone found poaching, trading, buying or illegally keeping silvery pigeons.
Given the species has been observed historically in international trade in Singapore and in a private collection in Hong Kong, and knowing that other protected species from Indonesia are smuggled and trafficked into other parts of the world for private collections and for commercial exploitation (
The apparently increasing online trade and international attention is a cause of great concern. It is feared that, when trade moves from being localised and opportunistic towards being specialised and targeted, there will be a plausible risk of the trade volume increasing. The illega online trade has proven to be resilient against law enforcement and current COVID-19 restrictions (
We recommend that plausible sites, particularly within the Riau-Lingga island group, be thoroughly surveyed for the presence of silvery pigeons and urge that a strategy in the form of a species action plan, involving all relevant stakeholders, be developed to support enforcement efforts where illegal trade in silvery pigeons is detected. Additionally, protocols for release or for placement in conservation breeding centres should be created. Organisations monitoring the bird trade should be vigilant and openly share reports on all observations of trade in this species with the relevant authorities, international conservation agencies and the IUCN SSC Pigeon and Dove Specialist Group.
We are grateful to Jochen Menner for reporting an online trade event and bringing attention to this issue. James Eaton and Mohamad Iqbal as species experts verified the species identification and provided valuable feedback on the early manuscript. We are also grateful for the constructive feedback from Nigel Collar and Vincent Nijman which improved the manuscript and underlined the importance of these observations.
Video 1
Data type: multimedia
Explanation note: Observations of silvery pigeons in trade.
Video 2
Data type: multimedia
Explanation note: Observations of silvery pigeons in trade.
Video 3
Data type: multimedia
Explanation note: Observations of silvery pigeons in trade.
Video 4
Data type: multimedia
Explanation note: Observations of silvery pigeons in trade.